classification
Last reviewed 01/2023
These may be classified into (1):
- primary / idiopathic - the rate of activation of skeletal bone remodelling unit is normal although there is incomplete filling of bone resorption pits (1)
- secondary -
- chronic medical and systemic diseases
- amyloidosis
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- multiple myeloma
- inflammatory bowel diseases
- rheumatoid arthritis
- associated with nutritional deficiency
- alcohol (> 2 drinks per day)
- anorexia nervosa
- coeliac disease
- gastric bypass or gastrectomy
- endocrine and metabolic related
- athletic amenorrhea
- cushing syndrome
- diabetes mellitus, type 1
- hyperparathyroidism (primary)
- hyperthyroidism
- hypogonadism (primary and secondary)
- hypophosphatasia
- disuse / immobility
- drug-induced
- anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin)
- glucocorticoids
- immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine)
- Lithium (2)
- other
Idiopathic osteoporosis is far more common than secondary osteoporosis.
Reference:
dermatomyositis and polymyositis
mixed connective tissue disease
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)