aetiology
Last reviewed 01/2023
Possible causes include:
- congenital - by far the most common. Thick deformed bicuspid or tricuspid valves, sometimes associated with Noonan's syndrome, William's syndrome, or Fallot's tetralogy. Peripheral and valvular pulmonary stenosis may occur in rubella syndrome
- rheumatic involvement of the pulmonary valve - rare
- carcinoid tumours of the small bowel with hepatic metastases - these are associated with acquired thickening of valves on the right side of the heart