treatment of Clostridium difficile

Last edited 08/2022 and last reviewed 09/2022

  • stop offending antibiotic; if an antibiotic is essential for the primary condition, it should be changed to one that is less likely to provoke C. difficile growth

  • choice of antibiotic (2):
    • when prescribing antibiotics for suspected or confirmed C. difficile infection in adults, follow table below
    • when prescribing antibiotics forsuspected or confirmed C. difficile infection in children and young people under 18 years, base the choice of antibiotic on what is recommended for C. difficile infection in adults. Take into account licensed indications for children and young people, and what products are available (see the BNF for Children for dosing information)
    • use clinical judgement to determine whether antibiotic treatment for C. difficile is ineffective. It is not usually possible to determine this until day 7 because diarrhoea may take 1 to 2 weeks to resolve
    • Table Antibiotics for adults aged 18 years and over

      Treatment

      Antibiotic, dosage and course length

      First-line antibiotic for a first episode of mild, moderate or severe C. difficile infection

      Vancomycin:

      125 mg orally four times a day for 10 days

      Second-line antibiotic for a first episode of mild, moderate or severe C. difficile infection if vancomycin is ineffective

      Fidaxomicin:

      200 mg orally twice a day for 10 days

      Antibiotics for C. difficile infection if first- and second-line antibiotics are ineffective

      Seek specialist advice. Specialists may initially offer:

      Vancomycin:

      Up to 500 mg orally four times a day for 10 days

      With or without

      Metronidazole:

      500 mg intravenously three times a day for 10 days

      Antibiotic for a further episode of C. difficile infection within 12 weeks of symptom resolution - relapse*

      Fidaxomicin:

      200 mg orally twice a day for 10 days

      Antibiotics for a further episode of C. difficile infection more than 12 weeks after symptom resolution - recurrence*

      Vancomycin:

      125 mg orally four times a day for 10 days

      Or

      Fidaxomicin:

      200 mg orally twice a day for 10 days

      Antibiotics for life-threatening C. difficile infection

      Seek urgent specialist advice, which may include surgery. Antibiotics that specialists may initially offer are:

      Vancomycin:

      500 mg orally four times a day for 10 days

      With

      Metronidazole:

      500 mg intravenously three times a day for 10 days

    • * further episode (relapse or recurrence) of C. difficile infection
      • a further episode of C. difficile infection could either be a relapse, which is more likely to be with the same C. difficile strain, or a recurrence, which is more likely to be with a different C. difficile strain
      • was agreed that a relapse occurs within 12 weeks of previous symptom resolution and recurrence occurs more than 12 weeks after previous symptom resolution
    • Severity of C. difficile infection
      • mild infection:
        • not associated with an increased white cell count (WCC). Typically associated with fewer than 3 episodes of loose stools (defined as loose enough to take the shape of the container used to sample them) per day
      • moderate infection:
        • associated with an increased WCC (but less than 15 × 109 per litre). Typically associated with 3 to 5 loose stools per day
      • severe infection:
        • associated with a WCC greater than 15 × 109 per litre, or an acutely increased serum creatinine concentration (greater than 50% increase above baseline), or a temperature higher than 38.5 degrees Celsius, or evidence of severe colitis (abdominal or radiological signs)
        • number of stools may be a less reliable indicator of severity
      • life-threatening infection: symptoms and signs include hypotension, partial or complete ileus, toxic megacolon or CT evidence of severe disease
    • prescribing notes:

     

Notes:

  • prevent cross-infection by isolation
  • there is evidence that probiotics are effective for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and treatment of Clostridium difficile disease (1,3)
  • local microbiology expertise should be sought regarding local treatment guidelines. Response to treatment can take 4-6 days (4)
  • NICE have suggested that faecal transplant (faecal microbiota transplant) should be considered for patients with recurrent C. difficile infections that have failed to respond to antibiotics and other treatments
  • a review (6) noted that:
    • oral metronidazole appears acceptable for the treatment of a first episode of C. difficile
    • patients with persistent diarrhoea after 48 hours of appropriate anti-Clostridiodes therapy should be addressed to specialist

Reference: