aetiology
Last reviewed 01/2018
Congenital:
- urethral valves
- urethral polyps
- urethral stricture
Acquired:
- structural:
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- prostatic carcinoma
- bladder neck stenosis
- urethral stricture
- urethral carcinoma
- urethral stones
- external compression:
- pelvic tumour
- faecal impaction
- functional:
- dyssynergia: a lack of coordination between the detrusor and either the smooth muscle of the bladder neck or the striated sphincter