calcium oxalate stones
Last reviewed 01/2018
Calcium oxalate stones are hard stones usually with a sharp, spiky surface which traumatize the urinary epithelium.
Causes include:
- hypercalciuria without hypercalcaemia (50%)
- hypercalciuria with hypercalcaemia (10%):
- sarcoidosis
- metastatic malignancy
- multiple myeloma
- vitamin D toxicity
- hyperuricosuria +/- hypercalcaemia (20%):
- associated with "nucleation" of calcium oxalate by uric acid crystals in the collecting ducts
- hyperoxaluria (5%)
- idiopathic (25%)