aetiology
Last reviewed 01/2018
These include:
- infections - in malaria as black water fever, Clostridium welchii
- paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria
- autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- toxins including benzene, methylchloride, chlorate, organic arsenicals
- acute haemolytic crisis, for example in sickle cell anaemia, glucose-6-phosphate deficiency
- extensive burns
- marathon running - haemoglobulinaemia may occur; however it is very rare that this is severe enough to cause haemoglobinuria