single second (2nd) heart sound
Last reviewed 01/2018
This may be present in:
- a calcified aortic stenotic valve
- pulmonary stenosis - here the P2 component may be soft
- Fallot's tetralogy
- Ebstein's anomaly
- pericardial effusion
- where pulmonary pressure approaches systemic blood pressure, for example in a large ventricular septal defect
- other causes eg obesity, pulmonary emphysema