smoking and Graves' disease
Last reviewed 04/2021
- smoking increases the risk of Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmology
(odds ratio 1.9 and 7.7 in smokers versus non-smokers)
- patients who smoke who have Graves' disease - particularly with significant ophthalmology - should be advised to stop smoking
Reference:
- BMJ (1999), 319, 894-99