investigations
Last reviewed 10/2020
Possible investigations include:
- FBC's - for anaemia
- U+E's - ureteral obstruction occurs in 30% of stage III, 50% of stage IV
- calcium - hypercalcaemia may occur in advanced disease, but not always due to bone involvement
- liver function tests - abnormal if liver metastases
- cone biopsy - a smear is pointless with a gross lesion
- chest Xray - lung metastases seen in 5% of patients with advanced disease
- cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy - rarely reveal mucosal invasion except in advanced disease
- intravenous pyelogram
- CT scan