risk factors
Last reviewed 07/2021
Risk factorsrelated to sexual behaviour:
- age - peak incidence in 15 - 24 year old age group
- untreated male partner
- recent change of male partner – within previous 3 months
- sexual activity: - PID is rare among nuns and lesbians - women with multiple partners show a five fold increased risk
- previous PID - 25% risk of recurrence
- past history of STD – in patient or partner
Recent instrumentation of the uterus or interruption of the cervical barrier
- intrauterine contraceptive device - two to nine fold increase in risk, mostly during the first 6 weeks after insertion
- surgical procedures: -
- termination of pregnancy
- dilatation and curettage
- tubal surgery - removal of retained products
- hysteroscopy - laparoscopy and dye
- in vitro fertilisation and intrauterine insemination (1)
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