associated conditions
Last reviewed 05/2021
Associated conditions causing secondary Raynaud's phenomenon are as follows:
- rheumatological
- systemic sclerosis - 90% of patients with this condition have Raynaud’s phenomenon)
- mixed connective tissue disease - 85%
- systemic lupus erythematosus - 40%
- dermatomyositis or polymyositis - 25%
- rheumatoid arthritis - 10%
- sjögren’s syndrome
- vasculitis
- haematological
- polycythaemia ruba vera
- leukaemia
- thrombocytosis
- cold agglutinin disease (Mycoplasma infections)
- paraproteinaemias
- protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency
- presence of the factor V Leiden mutation
- hepatitis B and C (associated with cryoglobulinaemia)
- occlusive arterial disease
- external neurovascular compression, carpal tunnel syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome
- thrombosis
- thromboangiitis obliterans
- embolisation
- arteriosclerosis
- buerger’s disease
- other
- hand-arm-vibration syndrome (vibration white finger)
- drugs, chemicals, or other occupational exposures e.g. - Beta-blockers, Vinyl chloride, tobacco, bleomycin
- endocrine disorders - hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome
- occult carcinoma
- infections - parvovirus B19, Helicobacter pylori (1,2,3)
Reference:
- (1) Raynaud’s & Scleroderma association. Raynaud’s & Scleroderma – An update for GP’s
- (2) Goundry B, Bell L, Langtree M, Moorthy A. Diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. BMJ. 2012;344:e289
- (3) Herrick AL. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(8):469-79
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
dermatomyositis and polymyositis
primary arterial pulmonary hypertension
vibration white finger ( VWF ) (hand-arm vibration syndrome)